Robert Shiller

What is the Behavioral Economics revolution and how did Shiller, Kahneman, and Thaler challenge existing thinking?

Shiller is one of the founders of behavioral economics, behavioral finance in particular. He, along with two other economists, Daniel Kahneman and Richard Thaler, are leading figures who created a new approach that profoundly challenged existing thinking. For decades, they’ve emphasized the importance of taking a broader view and incorporating other academic disciplines into economics.

I tend to think of the behavioral economics revolution as a counterrevolution against excessive specialization and a return to a normal discourse among the social sciences.

It’s no surprise that a man described by his friends as someone interested in basically everything would crack open the field of economics and take a thorough look at other disciplines as well. When Shiller started college, he had one big reservation: declaring a major. "It meant I had to give up my childhood dreams of doing everything," he says. He describes how painful it was for him to choose, never knowing whether he’d made the right decision, though most people today would say he absolutely did. He chose economics but his interest in many sciences would pave the way for a different approach to it.

How did Shiller's study of psychology influence his approach to economics and finance?

It was during his undergraduate studies at the University of Michigan that Shiller first had the idea that psychological insights had to be included into economic analysis. Eventually, thanks to his wife’s encouragement, he dug deeper. “She nudged me back into thinking about psychology,” Shiller remembers. “I might not have been the economist that I ended up as without her influence.” A focal point of his research became the idea that finance and the global economy were driven by people’s behavior and thinking. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, when Shiller first arrived on the scene, economics had become very mathematical. He believed it was wrong to be too rigid about what was a very human field.

Why did Shiller challenge the Efficient Market Hypothesis with behavioral finance?

"Economists look at the stock market, they see it going up and down, and usually they don’t have the foggiest notion why,” he says. “They think they need an excuse, so they figured out a theory that excused them from not knowing." Shiller is talking about the efficient market hypothesis. He wanted to give “a more truthful account” which, ultimately, led to his first highly influential paper in 1981. His longtime friend and colleague John Campbell at Harvard University still remembers the moment he read that paper. He was waiting at a train station in New Haven, Connecticut and immediately wanted to meet its author.

How did Shiller's view of finance challenge the belief in efficient markets?

"Bob had this very simple insight," Campbell explains. "If you looked at stock prices, they seemed to be much more volatile than the stream of future dividends that they’re supposedly forecasting. But if the forecast is moving around too much, that means that people are changing their mind in a way that is predictable and, therefore, irrational."

Willing to go out on a limb at a time when rational expectations models were predominant, Shiller had a boldness that appealed to many young economists. At the same time he also faced harsh criticism. Ginny remembers how her husband would come home feeling disheartened in those days. It was a tough road due to the conservative revolution that was going on. Margaret Thatcher, the Iron Lady, ruled in the UK; Ronald Reagan was president of the United States. There was, as Shiller points out, the general belief that “governments should just stay out of markets completely.”

Many took the position that we have to look to markets as if they were oracles, giving us a fundamental truth. When the market would move, people would ask “what in its infinite wisdom did the market think of today?” But this didn’t sound right to Shiller. He had a more skeptical view of finance, arguing that markets didn’t accurately reflect all available information, so they were inefficient.

Can the financial industry help create a better society?

There were times when Shiller wished he’d never written his 1981 paper, despite it being pivotal in his winning the Nobel Prize in 2013, together with Eugene Fama and Lars Peter Hansen. He continued arguing that the market is mostly driven by “non-economic things, people’s fears, prejudices, reactions to news-stories, elections and campaigns.” He went further saying, “To think markets are the best thing that could ever be for human welfare, that’s just wrong.”

Shiller fights against the belief that markets should be left alone and advocates for different types of regulation, in addition to the creation of new financial markets and institutions. He knows that after the financial crisis of 2008, people’s trust is still damaged and the risk of another crisis remains.

His wish is not to simply condemn the financial industry but to see it as a powerful tool for creating a better society. “What we need is a society that encourages financial innovation rather than being hostile to it,” he says. “But that is skeptical and involves government regulators who will police efforts to deceive.” Shiller has often described how, in human history, finance has contributed to society’s wellbeing through different inventions. That’s why today he’s looking for ways of using finance to address the huge problems of inequality that are so apparent in many countries.

“For all of the very specialized work he’s done on financial markets, he’s always cared more deeply for the welfare of society,” says Peter Dougherty, Shiller’s editor at Princeton University Press.

How can we address inequality with financial tools?

Shiller is especially worried about how technological progress might threaten our jobs in the future and lead to even worse inequality. To explain this, he uses an example given by the Russian-American economist and Nobel Laureate Wassily Leontief. “Let’s think about horses,” he begins. “They used to be everywhere. Where did they go? Well, I can tell you what happened to them. They died, we don’t need them anymore. The same thing could happen to people who somehow don’t get linked into the modern economy.”

How can we future-proof ourselves against the risks of the machine age?

Shiller has a radical proposal for the looming machine age, a new way of insuring people. Insurance against early death and disability has been common for decades but it might not be adequate in the high-tech world of the near future.

The risk of losing your job to a computer is bigger than the risk of your losing the job because you’re hit by a car and paralyzed.

Shiller has suggested changing the system, developing new financial tools like long-term insurance against losing your job to a robot. He’s absolutely sure that future prospects in the second Machine Age have to be discussed now, but fears that people might focus too much on more pressing events instead of thinking about tomorrow. It’s a problem in politics and politicians as well according to Shiller.

What was Shiller's prediction for housing prices in 2005, and why was it controversial among economists?

Shiller knows that he might sound alarmist at times, but he doesn’t care. After all, predicting market crashes is why he became famous. During an interview in 2005, he told the reporter housing prices would fall by half in real terms. “He called me back later that day and said ‘I’m going to quote you on that.’” Was Schiller sure about what he had said earlier? “I thought about that and said, ‘You know, I really do think that, so yes, go ahead.’” Shiller suspects that there were many more economists who shared his thinking but they weren’t going to come out and risk saying as much.

The idea of a housing bubble was regarded as kind of unprofessional. The bubble could be in newspapers, but not in scholarly work.

“It reflects human nature,” he says. “When prices start going up, people get excited and some of them will rush in and buy, and prices will go up more. But it’s unsustainable. Eventually, it’s going to burst.”

That’s what he thought was happening and he was willing to go out on a limb to say it. It sounds like a bold thing to do but Shiller has a good explanation for it. “It goes back to a philosophy that I gradually acquired,” he says. “It’s morally important that you take risks. Someone could humiliate you by pointing out something you’ve missed, a counter-argument, but you have to do it.”

Robert Shiller's open-mindedness is a reassuring thought in the world of finance

Having a Nobel Laureate admit they might not always be right is a reassuring thought and there’s no doubt that Shiller is absolutely serious about it.

“Bob really has been driven by his curiosity and his open-mindedness,” his colleague William Goetzmann said. “Unlike many people in the profession who think about their long-term reputation, what I’ve seen from him is just enthusiasm, not worrying too much about where the boundaries are, but letting his interest in human nature guide the questions he asks.”