Operational losses can be caused by external factors, deliberate, accidental or natural, or failures of internal processes, people or systems. They can unfortunately never be entirely eliminated. Especially in today's environment of complex global processes, low regulatory tolerance for error, and growing propensity for litigation, operational risk runs alongside market and credit risk as one of UBS's principal risk classes.

We continue to place great importance on our operational risk framework, with the aim of containing the levels of risk, and ensuring that we have sufficient information to make informed decisions about additional or adjusted controls.

Many potential causes of loss are identified before the probability, timing, or amounts of future cost are known with certainty. IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) requires us to make a provision, based on the best estimate of a liability, when it is probable that a payment will be required, even if the amount to be paid has not yet been exactly determined. This requires the exercise of judgment. Once we are able to quantify any potential operational risk more accurately, the corresponding provision is revised up or down.