Regulation and supervision

As a Swiss-registered company, UBS's home country regulator is the Swiss Federal Banking Commission (SFBC).

UBS's operations throughout the world are regulated and supervised by the relevant authorities in each of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business.

The following sections describe the regulation and supervision of UBS's business in Switzerland, our home market. They also describe the regulatory and supervisory environment in the United States and the United Kingdom, our next two largest areas of operations.

Regulation and supervision in Switzerland

General

UBS is regulated in Switzerland under a system established by the Swiss Federal Law relating to Banks and Savings Banks of 8 November 1934, as amended, and the related Implementing Ordinance of 17 May 1972, as amended, which are together known as the Federal Banking Law. Under this law, banks in Switzerland are permitted to engage in a full range of financial services activities, including commercial banking, investment banking and fund management. Banking groups may also engage in insurance activities, but these must be undertaken through a separate subsidiary. The Federal Banking Law establishes a framework for supervision by the SFBC.

The Federal Act of 10 October 1997 on the Prevention of Money Laundering in the Financial Sector (Money Laundering Act, MLA) lays down a common standard for due diligence obligations for the whole financial sector, which must be met in order to prevent money laundering.

In its capacity as a securities broker, UBS is governed by the Swiss Federal Law on Stock Exchanges and Trading in Securities of 24 March 1995, as amended, under which the SFBC is appointed as prime regulator for these activities.

Regulatory policy

Swiss regulatory policies are formulated on three levels. The first two are the statutory levels of primary and secondary legislation issued by Parliament and the Swiss Federal Council. The SFBC has substantial influence on the drafting of these regulatory statutes (for example, the specific ordinance concerning the prevention of money laundering of 18 December 2002, amended in 2003). On a more technical level, the SFBC is empowered to issue so-called circulars, 28 of which are presently effective. These include a circular ruling on the supervision and internal controls at banks, issued on 27 September 2006, and a circular ruling on the supervision of large banking groups, issued on 21 April 2004. The latter prescribes what information we are required to provide to the SFBC, the structure of our regular interaction with them, and the scope of on-site reviews (prudential independent controls) as well as extended audits by the SFBC. In an effort to streamline regulation, the SFBC decided on 1 December 2006, in consultation with the industry, to rescind five circulars. In certain fields, the SFBC officially endorses self-regulatory guidelines issued by the banking industry (through the Swiss Bankers' Association), making them an integral part of banking regulation. Examples are:

– Guidelines on the simplified prospectus for structured products (forthcoming)

– Agreement of Swiss Banks on Deposit Insurance, 2005

– Allocation Directives for the New Issues Market, 2004

– Agreement on Swiss banks' code of conduct with regard to the exercise of due diligence (CDB 03), 2003

– Directives on the Independence of Financial Research, 2003

– Guidelines on Internal Control, 2002

– Guidelines on the handling of dormant accounts, custody accounts and safe-deposit boxes held in Swiss banks, 2000

Certain aspects of securities broking, such as the organization of trading, are subject to self-regulation through the SWX Swiss Exchange (for example, the Listing regulation of 24 January 1996, as amended) and the Swiss Bankers' Association (for example, the Code of Conduct for securities brokers), under the overall supervision of the SFBC. As a means of improving information flows to investors, the SWX Swiss Exchange on 1 July 2005 enacted an amendment requiring the disclosure of management transactions.

Role of external auditors and direct supervision of large banking groups

The Swiss supervisory system relies on banks' external auditors, who are licensed and supervised by the SFBC, and carry out official duties on behalf of and subject to sanctions imposed by the SFBC. The responsibility of external auditors not only encompasses the audit of financial statements but also entails the review of banks' compliance with all prudential requirements.

The SFBC has direct responsibility for supervision in two areas: capital requirements for market risk (which will be further expanded to cover the advanced credit and operational risk models and Pillar 3 under Basel II), and the supervision of the two large Swiss banking groups, including UBS. The supervisory strategy entails direct supervision in the form of regular meetings with bank management, supervisory visits to our operations, on-site reviews, direct reporting, both routine and ad hoc, and regular meetings, with the host regulators of our overseas activities. There is close cooperation, including regular meetings between the SFBC and UBS's US and UK regulators, and further links are being established by the SFBC with other relevant regulators.

Reporting requirements and capital requirements

UBS reports financial, capital, legal and risk information to the SFBC. The SFBC also reviews the bank's risk management and control principles and procedures in all areas of risk, including Know Your Customer rules and anti-money laundering practices.

Switzerland applies the internationally agreed capital adequacy rules of the Basel Capital Accord, but the SFBC implementation imposes a more differentiated and tighter regime than the internationally agreed rules, including a more stringent definition of capital (see Capital management on page 96). On 18 October 2006, the SFBC issued a national law implementing Basel II, which will enter into force on 1 January 2008.

Disclosures to the Swiss National Bank

Switzerland's banks, according to Swiss banking law, are primarily supervised by the SFBC while compliance with liquidity rules, in particular, is monitored by the Swiss National Bank (SNB). UBS sends the SNB detailed monthly interim balance sheets, capital adequacy and liquidity statements. UBS also submits an annual statement of condition and quarterly stress testing results and co-operates with the Financial Stability and Oversight unit of the SNB whenever required. The SNB can also require UBS to make additional disclosures of financial condition and other information relevant to its regulatory oversight.

Regulation and supervision in the US

Banking regulation

UBS's operations in the United States are subject to a variety of regulatory regimes. It maintains branches in California, Connecticut, Illinois, New York and Florida. UBS's branches located in California, New York and Florida are federally licensed by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. US branches located in Connecticut and Illinois are licensed by the state banking authority of the state in which the branch is located. Each US branch is subject to regulation and examination by its licensing authority. In addition, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System exercises examination and regulatory authority over our state-licensed US branches. We also maintain state and federally chartered trust companies and other limited purpose banks, which are regulated by state regulators or the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Only the deposits of UBS's subsidiary bank located in the state of Utah are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The regulation of our US branches and subsidiaries imposes restrictions on the activities of those branches and subsidiaries, as well as prudential restrictions, such as limits on extensions of credit to a single borrower, including UBS subsidiaries and affiliates.

The licensing authority of each US branch has the authority to take possession of the business and property of UBS located in the state of the office it licenses in certain circumstances. Such circumstances generally include violations of law, unsafe business practices and insolvency. As long as UBS maintains one or more federal branches, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency also has the authority to take possession of the US operations of UBS AG under similar circumstances, and this federal power may preempt the state insolvency regimes that would otherwise be applicable to our state-licensed branches. As a result, if the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency exercised its authority over the US branches of UBS AG pursuant to federal law in the event of a UBS insolvency, all of UBS's US assets would most likely be applied first to satisfy creditors of our US branches as a group, and then made available for application pursuant to any Swiss insolvency proceeding.

In addition to the direct regulation of our US banking offices, operating US branches subjects UBS to oversight regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System under various laws, including the International Banking Act of 1978 and the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. On 10 April 2000, UBS AG was designated a "financial holding company" under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. Financial holding companies may engage in a broader spectrum of activities, including underwriting and dealing in securities. To maintain its financial holding company status, UBS, its US subsidiary federally chartered trust company, and its US subsidiary bank located in Utah are required to meet or exceed certain capital ratios and UBS's US branches, its US subsidiary federally chartered trust company, and its US subsidiary bank located in Utah are required to meet or exceed certain examination ratings. A major focus of US governmental policy relating to financial institutions in recent years has been aimed at fighting money laundering and terrorist financing. Regulations applicable to UBS and its subsidiaries impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution.

US regulation of other US operations

In the United States, UBS Securities LLC and UBS Financial Services Inc., as well as UBS's other US registered broker-dealer entities, are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of the securities business, including:

– Sales methods

– Trade practices among broker-dealers

– Use and safekeeping of customers' funds and securities

– Capital structure

– Record-keeping

– The financing of customers' purchases

– The conduct of directors, officers and employees.

These entities are regulated by a number of different government agencies and self-regulatory organizations, including the Securities and Exchange Commission and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). Depending upon the specific nature of a broker-dealer's business, it may also be regulated by some or all of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the US Department of the Treasury, the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, and other exchanges of which it may be a member. In addition, the US states, provinces and territories have local securities commissions that regulate and monitor activities in the interest of investor protection. These regulators have a variety of sanctions available, including the authority to conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fines, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion of the broker-dealer or its directors, officers or employees.

In the second quarter of 2007, the NASD and NYSE regulatory functions will be combined into a new private sector self-regulatory organization with one set of broker-dealer rules. Examinations will then be conducted out of a single entity using a single rulebook. Exchange monitoring will continue to be conducted separately by each exchange.

Regulation and supervision in the United Kingdom

UBS's operations in the United Kingdom are regulated by the Financial Services Authority (FSA), the UK's single regulator, which establishes a regime of rules and guidance governing all relevant aspects of financial services business.

The FSA has established a risk-based approach to supervision and has a wide variety of supervisory tools available to it, including on-site inspections (which may relate to an industry-wide theme or be firm-specific) and the ability to commission reports by skilled persons (who may be the firm's auditors, IT specialists, lawyers or other consultants as appropriate). The FSA also has an extremely wide set of sanctions which it may impose under the Financial Services and Markets Act, broadly similar to those available to US regulators.

Some of our subsidiaries and affiliates are also regulated by the London Stock Exchange and other UK securities and commodities exchanges of which UBS is a member. Our business can also be subject to the requirements of the UK Panel on Takeovers and Mergers where relevant.

Financial services regulation in the UK is conducted in accordance with European Union directives which require, among other things, compliance with certain capital adequacy standards, customer protection requirements and conduct of business rules. These directives apply throughout the European Union and are reflected in the regulatory regimes in other member states. The standards, rules and requirements established under these directives are broadly comparable in scope and purpose to the regulatory capital and customer protection requirements imposed under applicable US law.