In second quarter, our expenses were affected by operational risk costs including the penalty related to our banknote business and provisions covering an estimate for additional US withholding tax costs. Operational risks can be caused by external factors, deliberate, accidental and natural, or failures of internal processes, people or systems. They can unfortunately never be entirely eliminated. Especially in today’s environment of complex global processes, low regulatory tolerance for error, and high propensity for litigation, we can expect operational risk to run alongside market and credit risk as one of UBS’s principal risk classes. Our operational risk framework, into which we are investing considerable management time and effort, aims to contain the levels of risk, and ensure we have sufficient information to make educated decisions about additional or adjusted controls.
As far as accounting for operational risks is concerned, many potential loss situations are identified before there is certainty as to the probability, timing or amount of future expenditure – an uncertainty which requires the exercise of judgement. It is best practice to make a provision for the best estimate of a liability when it is probable that a payment will be required, even if the amount to be paid has not yet been exactly determined. All provisions for operational risk established at UBS are based on management’s best estimates and follow this practice. When any potential operational risk is able to be quantified more accurately, the corresponding provision is revised up or down. At the end of 2003, total provisions for operational risk including litigation risk stood at CHF 1.36 billion. Detailed information on our operational risk provisions is published annually as a Note to our audited Financial Statements.
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