Note 23

A derivative is a financial instrument, the value of which is derived from the value of another ("underlying") financial instrument, an index or some other variable. Typically, the underlying is a share, commodity or bond price, an index value or an exchange or interest rate.

The majority of derivative contracts are negotiated as to amount ("notional"), tenor and price between UBS and its counterparties, whether other professionals or customers (over-the-counter or OTC contracts).

The rest are standardized in terms of their amounts and settlement dates and are bought and sold on organized markets (exchange-traded contracts).

The notional amount of a derivative is generally the quantity of the underlying instrument on which the derivative contract is based and is the basis upon which changes in the value of the contract are measured. It provides an indication of the underlying volume of business transacted by the Group but does not provide any measure of risk.

Derivative instruments are carried at fair value, shown in the balance sheet as separate totals of Positive replacement values (assets) and Negative replacement values (liabilities), except for futures and exchange-traded options with daily margining, which are presented as receivables and payables. Positive replacement values represent the cost to the Group of replacing all transactions with a fair value in the Group's favor if all the relevant counterparties of the Group were to default at the same time, assuming transactions could be replaced instantaneously. Negative replacement values represent the cost to the Group's counterparties of replacing all their transactions with the Group with a fair value in their favor if the Group were to default. Positive and negative replacement values on different transactions are only netted if the transactions are with the same counterparty, are denominated in the same currency, and the cash flows will be settled on a net basis. Changes in replacement values of derivative instruments are recognized in the income statement unless they meet the criteria for certain hedge accounting relationships, as explained in Note 1a14) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting.

Types of derivative instruments

The Group uses the following derivative financial instruments for both trading and hedging purposes.

Forwards and futures are contractual obligations to buy or sell financial instruments or commodities on a future date at a specified price. Forward contracts are tailor-made agreements that are transacted between counterparties on the OTC market, whereas futures are standardized contracts transacted on regulated exchanges.

Swaps are transactions in which two parties exchange cash flows on a specified notional amount for a predetermined period. Most swaps are traded OTC. The major types of swap transactions undertaken by the Group are as follows:

– Interest rate swap contracts generally entail the contractual exchange of fixed-rate and floating-rate interest payments in a single currency, based on a notional amount and a reference interest rate, e. g. LIBOR.

– Cross-currency swaps involve the exchange of interest payments based on two different currency principal balances and reference interest rates and generally also entail exchange of principal amounts at the start and / or end of the contract.

– Credit default swaps (CDSs) are the most common form of credit derivative, under which the party buying protection makes one or more payments to the party selling protection in exchange for an undertaking by the seller to make a payment to the buyer following a credit event (as defined in the contract) with respect to a third-party credit entity (as defined in the contract). Settlement following a credit event may be a net cash amount or cash in return for physical delivery of one or more obligations of the credit entity and is made regardless of whether the protection buyer has actually suffered a loss. After a credit event and settlement, the contract is terminated.

– Total rate of return swaps give the total return receiver exposure to all of the cash flows and economic benefits and risks of an underlying asset, without having to own the asset, in exchange for a series of payments, often based on a reference interest rate, e. g. LIBOR. The total return payer has an equal and opposite position.

– Options are contractual agreements under which, typically, the seller (writer) grants the purchaser the right, but not the obligation, either to buy (call option) or to sell (put option) by or at a set date, a specified quantity of a financial instrument or commodity at a predetermined price. The purchaser pays a premium to the seller for this right. Options involving more complex payment structures are also transacted. Options may be traded OTC or on a regulated exchange and may be traded in the form of a security (warrant).

Derivatives transacted for trading purposes

Most of the Group's derivative transactions relate to sales and trading activities. Sales activities include the structuring and marketing of derivative products to customers to enable them to take, transfer, modify or reduce current or expected risks. Trading includes market making, positioning and arbitrage activities. Market making involves quoting bid and offer prices to other market participants with the intention of generating revenues based on spread and volume. Positioning means managing market risk positions with the expectation of profiting from favorable movements in prices, rates or indices. Arbitrage activities involve identifying and profiting from price differentials between the same product in different markets or the same economic factor in different products.

Derivatives transacted for hedging purposes

The Group enters into derivative transactions for the purposes of hedging assets, liabilities, forecast transactions, cash flows and credit exposures. The accounting treatment of hedge transactions varies according to the nature of the instrument hedged and whether the hedge qualifies as such for accounting purposes.

Derivative transactions may qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. These are described under the corresponding headings in this note. The Group's accounting policies for derivatives designated and accounted for as hedging instruments are explained in Note 1a14) Derivative instruments and hedge accounting, where terms used in the following sections are explained.

The Group has also entered into CDSs that provide economic hedges for credit risk exposures in the loan and traded product portfolios but do not meet the requirements for hedge accounting treatment.

The Group has also entered into a limited volume of interest rate swaps and other interest rate derivatives (e. g. futures) for day-to-day economic interest rate risk management purposes, but without applying hedge accounting. The fair value changes of such swaps are booked to Net trading income.

Fair value hedges

The Group's fair value hedges principally consist of interest rate swaps that are used to protect against changes in the fair value of fixed-rate instruments due to movements in market interest rates. The fair values of outstanding interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges were a CHF 125 million net positive replacement value at 31 December 2007 and a CHF 222 million net positive replacement value at 31 December 2006.

In addition, the Group has entered into a fair value hedge accounting relationship using foreign exchange derivatives to protect a certain portion of equity investments available-for-sale from foreign currency exposure. The time value associated with the FX derivatives is excluded from the evaluation of hedge ineffectiveness. The fair value of outstanding FX derivatives designated as fair value hedges was a CHF 0 million at 31 December 2007 and CHF 1 million net positive replacement value at 31 December 2006.

Fair value hedges of portfolio interest rate risk

The Group also applies fair value hedge accounting of portfolio interest rate risk. The change in fair value of the hedged items is recorded separately from the hedged item on the balance sheet. The fair value of derivatives designated for this hedge method at 31 December 2007 was a CHF 58 million net positive replacement value and at 31 December 2006 was a CHF 21 million net positive replacement value.

Cash flow hedges of forecast transactions

The Group is exposed to variability in future interest cash flows on non-trading assets and liabilities that bear interest at variable rates or are expected to be refunded or reinvested in the future. The amounts and timing of future cash flows, representing both principal and interest flows, are projected for each portfolio of financial assets and liabilities, based on contractual terms and other relevant factors including estimates of prepayments and defaults. The aggregate principal balances and interest cash flows across all portfolios over time form the basis for identifying the non-trading interest rate risk of the Group, which is hedged with interest rate swaps, the maximum maturity of which is 22 years.

The schedule of forecast principal balances on which the expected interest cash flows arise as of 31 December 2007 is shown below.

Gains and losses on the effective portions of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges of forecast transactions are initially recorded in Equity as Net income recognized directly in equity and are transferred to current period earnings when the forecast cash flows affect net profit or loss. The gains and losses on ineffective portions of such derivatives are recognized immediately in the income statement. A CHF 443 million gain, a CHF 36 million loss and a CHF 35 million gain were recognized in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively, due to hedge ineffectiveness.

As of 31 December 2007 and 2006, the fair values of outstanding derivatives designated as cash flow hedges of forecast transactions were a CHF 99 million net positive replacement value and a CHF 462 million net negative replacement value, respectively. No Swiss franc hedging interest rate swaps were terminated during 2007 or 2006. At the end of 2007 and 2006, unrecognized income of CHF 135 million and CHF 214 million associated with terminated swaps remained deferred in Equity. It will be removed from Equity when the hedged cash flows have an impact on net profit or loss. Amounts reclassified from Net income recognized directly in Equity to current period earnings due to discontinuation of hedge accounting were a CHF 79 million net gain in 2007, a CHF 132 million net gain in 2006 and a CHF 243 million net gain in 2005. These amounts were recorded in Net interest income.

Risks of derivative instruments

Derivative instruments are transacted in many trading portfolios, which generally include several types of instruments, not just derivatives. The market risk of derivatives is managed and controlled as an integral part of the market risk of these portfolios. The Group's approach to market risk is described in the audited "Market risk" section in Risk, Treasury and Capital Management 2007.

Derivative instruments are transacted with many different counterparties, most of whom are also counterparties for other types of business. The credit risk of derivatives is managed and controlled in the context of the Group's overall credit exposure to each counterparty. The Group's approach to credit risk is described in the audited "Credit risk" section in Risk, Treasury and Capital Management 2007. It should be noted that, although the positive replacement values shown on the balance sheet can be an important component of the Group's credit exposure, the positive replacement values for a counterparty are rarely an adequate reflection of the Group's credit exposure on its derivatives business with that counterparty. This is because, on the one hand, replacement values can increase over time ("potential future exposure"), while on the other hand, exposure may be mitigated by entering into master netting agreements and bilateral collateral arrangements with counterparties. Both the exposure measures used by the Group internally to control credit risk and the capital requirements imposed by regulators reflect these additional factors. There are additional capital requirements shown in the in the Risk-weighted assets (BIS) table in the "Capital management" section in Risk, Treasury and Capital Management 2007 under Off-balance sheet exposures as Forward and swap contracts and Purchased options, which reflect the additional potential future exposure.

In the audited Exposure to credit risk table in the "Credit risk" section in Risk, Treasury and Capital Management 2007, and in the Risk-weighted assets (BIS) table in the "Capital management" section in Risk, Treasury and Capital Management 2007, the Positive replacement values are lower than those shown in the balance sheet because they reflect close-out netting arrangements accepted by the Swiss Federal Banking Commission (SFBC) as being enforceable in insolvency. The impact of such netting agreements on the gross replacement values shown in the tables on the next two pages is to reduce both positive and negative replacement values by CHF 292,371 million and CHF 219,820 million at 31 December 2007 and 2006 respectively. As a result, positive replacement values after netting for UBS Group were CHF 135,846 million at 31 December 2007 and CHF 73,155 million at 31 December 2006. These figures differ from those shown in the sections mentioned above in Risk, Treasury and Capital Management 2007 because they cover the whole UBS Group, whereas the relevant tables in Risk, Treasury and Capital Management 2007 cover only those entities which are subject to consolidation for regulatory capital purposes.